The so-called "economic miracle" is a period, can be placed in the years between 1951 and 1963, when Italy experienced a period of rapid and intense economic development which marked his transition from a country where agriculture was still a dominant role to a fully industrialized country.
To realize the magnitude of this change is sufficient to look at the main economic parameters in the table below, from which one can see that during this time important indicators such as GDP and consumption grew in a year average of 7.5%, industrial investment by 15.6% while imports e le esportazioni addirittura del 25,92% e del 23,46% (con un forte incremento soprattutto nell’intervallo tra il 1958 e il 1963).
Durante il periodo antecedente la seconda guerra mondiale lo sviluppo del sistema economico italiano era stato frenato da vari fattori come la sovrappopolazione rurale, la chiusura relativa dei mercati esteri e la scarsa dotazione di materie prime.
Fu grazie al superamento di questi scogli, al contributo delle politiche monetarie ed economiche dello Stato e all’iniziale impulso degli aiuti provenienti dal Piano ERP che l’Italia poté uscire dal periodo di stagnazione economica after the Second World War and take on its path of development.
The rural overpopulation became a business advantage: the constant flow of workers from the countryside to the city and the subsequent transfer of a majority of the workforce from agriculture to industry allowed companies to rely on a stable ' vast supply of cheap labor [1] .
Although in those years, the economic well-being for all subjects has grown so we must not fall into the trap of believing that this growth was homogenous between them. Indeed, it was this one of the causes that hamper economic development: the early '60s when it reached an equilibrium and there was full employment for the first time an excess demand for skilled labor, the unions could strengthen their position in being able to obtain strong wage increases that are immediately translated into higher sales prices weakening what had been one of the competitive advantages of the Italian economy during those years [2] .
In fact, the low-wage, together with the low prices of raw materials, had allowed entrepreneurs to sell their products at lower prices than foreigners and to obtain at the same time allowing the profits to be reinvested in many cases self-financing without excessive recourse to bank loans or issuing securities [ 3] .
The supply of raw materials and supply of semi-finished products during the fascist period had hampered growth due to high production costs and transportation, is the phase of the "miracle" as a variable of minor economy.
In those years, in fact, the prices of these inputs grew moderately through the modernization of steel plants, under conditions favorable for the purchase of oil [4] that had positive effects on their transport costs and the creation in 1951 of CZECH (European Coal and Steel Community) which led to a gradual removal of tariff barriers on these products.
An important part of the economic development of Italy was the creation in 1957 of the EEC (European Economic Community) through which there was an expansion of markets, which contributed to the increase in exports and to shift to other European states in excess of labor.
The state also had to develop a significant part in the economy: it contributes to growth through investment in infrastructure, allowing various credit facilities to industry (eg reimbursement IgE, Iva today, granted to around 2 / 3 of the products exported [5] ), bestowed with incentives for purchases of equipment, with the support of important state industries such as Eni and anger and monetary policy adopted by the Bank of Italy grazie alla quale lo sviluppo economico avvenne senza il fardello dell’inflazione.
Infine bisogna tener conto del ruolo, minore ma non per questo trascurabile, delle partite invisibili come le rimesse dei lavoratori emigrati, dei noli marittimi e del turismo (che crebbe in misura crescente durante tutto il periodo considerato) [6] e degli aiuti ottenuti dal Piano Marshall.
[1] Petri, Storia economica, cit., p. 192.
[2] Pierluigi Ciocca, Gianni Toniolo, ' Economic History of Italy. Vol 2: Annals ', Bari, Laterza, 1999, p. 397.
[3] ibid., p. 356.
[4] During the period between 1955 and 1963 the price had decreased by 22% (Petri, Economic History, cit., P. 200).
[5] ibid., p. 198.
[6] ibid., p. 190.
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